Prostate Problems
The prostate is a small gland in men that helps make semen. Located just below the bladder in front of the rectum, it wraps around the tube that carries urine and semen out of the body. It tends to grow larger as you get older. If your prostate gets too large, it can cause multiple health issues.
Symptoms of prostate problems
See your doctor right away if you have any of these symptoms:
- Frequent urge to urinate
- Urgency to get up many times during the night to urinate
- Blood in urine or semen
- Pain or burning urination
- Painful ejaculation
- Frequent pain or stiffness in lower back, hips, pelvic or rectal area, or upper thighs
- Dribbling of urine
Common prostate problems
Here are some examples of non-cancer prostate problems:
Benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH, is very common in older men. It means your prostate is enlarged but not cancerous. Treatments for BPH include:
- Watchful waiting, also called active surveillance. If your symptoms are not too bad, your doctor may tell you to wait to see if they worsen before starting treatment and let you know how often to return for checkups.
- Medications. Your doctor may prescribe medicines to help shrink the prostate or relax muscles near your prostate to ease symptoms.
- Surgery. If nothing else has worked, your doctor may suggest surgery to help urine flow.
- Other treatments. Sometimes radio waves, microwaves, or lasers are used to treat urinary problems caused by BPH. These methods use different kinds of heat to shrink extra prostate tissue.
Acute bacterial prostatitis usually starts suddenly from a bacterial infection. See your doctor right away if you have fever, chills, or pain in addition to prostate symptoms, such as difficulty urinating or pain when urinating. Most cases can be cured with antibiotics. You also may need medication to help with pain or discomfort.
Chronic bacterial prostatitis is a recurrent infection. This rare problem can be hard to treat but, sometimes, taking antibiotics for an extended time may work. Talk with your doctor about other approaches to help you feel better.
Chronic prostatitis, also called chronic pelvic pain syndrome, is a common prostate problem. It can cause pain in the lower back, in the groin, or at the tip of the penis. Treatment may require a combination of medicines, surgery, and lifestyle changes. Be sure to talk with your doctor about the possible side effects of treatment.
Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is common among American men. Your chance of getting prostate cancer may be affected by your:
- Age. Men age 50 and older run a greater risk.
- Race. In the United States, prostate cancer is most common among African American men, followed by White, Hispanic, and Native American men. Asian American men have the lowest rates of prostate cancer.
- Family history. If your father or brother had prostate cancer, particularly at a young age, you are more likely to develop it, too.
- Diet. The risk of prostate cancer may be higher for men who eat diets that are high in fat.
Diagnosing prostate cancer
To find out if prostate symptoms are caused by cancer, your doctor will ask about your past medical problems and your family’s medical history. Your doctor also will perform a physical exam. During the exam, your doctor will put a gloved finger into your rectum to check for:
- The size, firmness, and texture of the prostate
- Any hard areas, lumps, or growth spreading beyond the prostate
- Any pain caused by touching or pressing on the prostate
You may be asked to give a urine sample for testing. Your doctor also may do a blood test to check the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level. PSA levels can be high in men with an enlarged prostate gland or with prostate cancer. You may also need an ultrasound exam that takes computer pictures of the prostate.
If tests show that you might have cancer, your doctor will refer you to a specialist — a urologist — for a prostate biopsy. The doctor will take small tissue samples from several areas of the prostate gland to look for cancer cells.
- PSA testingUntil recently, many doctors encouraged yearly prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing for all men beginning at age 50, or even earlier for men at high risk of prostate cancer. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended in 2018 that men between age 55 and 69 discuss the potential benefits and harms of PSA screening with their doctor to make an informed decision about what is best for them. The USPSTF does not recommend routine PSA screening for men over age 70. The USPSTF is currently reviewing more recent evidence from this field to determine if changes are needed in screening recommendations.In men who report prostate symptoms, PSA testing (along with digital rectal examination) can help doctors determine the nature of the problem. In men who have been treated for prostate cancer, the PSA test may be used along with physical exams, diagnostic imaging, biopsies, and other tests to determine if the cancer has returned.
Treating prostate cancer
Treatment for prostate cancer depends on whether the cancer affects part or all of the prostate, or if it has spread to other parts of the body. It also depends on your age and overall health. Talk with your doctor about the best treatment choices for you and the possible side effects of treatment. You may want to seek a second opinion from another doctor.
Treatment for prostate cancer may be:
- Watchful waiting, also called active surveillance. If the cancer is not causing problems, you may decide against immediate treatment. Instead, your doctor will check regularly for changes in your condition and start treatment if the cancer begins to grow.
- Surgery. The most common type of surgery for prostate cancer removes the whole prostate and some nearby tissue. Ablation is a minimally invasive procedure that destroys abnormal prostate tissue, often by freezing or heating, or through focused ultrasound, with the goal of preserving prostate function.
- Radiation therapy. This treatment uses radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. The radiation may come from an X-ray machine or from tiny radioactive pellets placed inside or near the tumor.
- Hormone therapy. Men having other treatments, such as radiation therapy, also may be treated with drugs to stop the body from making testosterone. This approach may be used if it seems likely that the cancer will come back. Hormone therapy also can be used for prostate cancer that has spread beyond the prostate.
For more details on treatment choices for prostate cancer, call the National Cancer Institute’s Cancer Information Service at 800-422-6237 or visit their website.
